tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-45093730264512641532024-02-18T21:26:58.485-08:00Hydraulics, Irrigation, Water Resource Engineering and HydrologyThis blog contains the content related to Hydraulics, Water resource Engineering and Hydrology. Subscribe yourself to my email list get yourself in touch with this Engineering field. Sanjay Sharmahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728855310168117244noreply@blogger.comBlogger32125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509373026451264153.post-53484895113593244112021-05-13T23:01:00.000-07:002021-05-13T23:01:52.656-07:00Solved Example - Height/Elevation of Pipe for Cavitation to occur <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>Problem:</b></div>
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(a) Compute the discharge rate (m^3/s) of the water from the bowl if h = 30 cm, dia = 5 cm, H1 = 2 m, H2 = 7 m, p(atm) = 101. 3 kN/m^2, pv = 2.5 kN/m^2</div>
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(b) Compute the pressures inside the hose at points 3, 4, and 5</div>
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(c) At what value of H1 would cavitation occur?</div>
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ANS: Q=0.023 cms; p3 = -68.64 kPa, p4 = -88.25 kPa; p5 = p3</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAQMV1yHYjUeF0LkqfVbArDW6A1m9YnlQYMdc9ZmnsH_AiBW9tPTUUYubf7oyTn7nNV2TAWRpiW2D7bfj6x77DiIMNEkD5gLfS4-_VKFyNUo9p7ZYBBs02kUslpOwfm1Sf1lD60mWeh8x6/s1600/gage+and+absolute+pressure.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAQMV1yHYjUeF0LkqfVbArDW6A1m9YnlQYMdc9ZmnsH_AiBW9tPTUUYubf7oyTn7nNV2TAWRpiW2D7bfj6x77DiIMNEkD5gLfS4-_VKFyNUo9p7ZYBBs02kUslpOwfm1Sf1lD60mWeh8x6/s320/gage+and+absolute+pressure.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b>Solution:</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ2HSHn6QX-f8ecgrXl2zYILeF6bk3Bsxvpcwrdn-JP6CaQguex157niAdXkxTpysZUvz5gmr8HczjA7GOW4AI71fYmkoDWYqqiuFfqrE3fchRu5E7alKw6MpunNAFEdoaB3xkeVZqdyM8/s1600/absolute+and+gage+pressure.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ2HSHn6QX-f8ecgrXl2zYILeF6bk3Bsxvpcwrdn-JP6CaQguex157niAdXkxTpysZUvz5gmr8HczjA7GOW4AI71fYmkoDWYqqiuFfqrE3fchRu5E7alKw6MpunNAFEdoaB3xkeVZqdyM8/s640/absolute+and+gage+pressure.jpg" width="610" /></a></div>
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Thanks! </div>
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Sanjay Sharmahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728855310168117244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509373026451264153.post-13502276228248911022017-11-28T14:36:00.001-08:002017-11-28T14:36:52.167-08:00Solved Example - Cavitation and Discharge in hose/pipe<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Aspira, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;"><b>Problem:</b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Aspira, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;">Water is pumped from the river through a 45-mm-diameter hose having a length of 3 m . The friction factor is </span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Aspira, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">f</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Aspira, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;"> = 0.028 for the hose, and the gage vapor pressure for water is -98.7 kPa. Suppose that </span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Aspira, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">h</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Aspira, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;"> = 2 m . (Figure 1)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Aspira, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJdSjoUIFTCcobCGLzQYC3KTvxXgTh34bV2jYe4XyGemzorbxQ6yEUDIJ5bRtuSuynTvVZwRqfsI1so_aguBQJ1oEV0baUBjKDo0fxmZ3mj00IiZM1i7kGOtSiETr2O6DEKQwGMnZwen7Y/s1600/hose.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJdSjoUIFTCcobCGLzQYC3KTvxXgTh34bV2jYe4XyGemzorbxQ6yEUDIJ5bRtuSuynTvVZwRqfsI1so_aguBQJ1oEV0baUBjKDo0fxmZ3mj00IiZM1i7kGOtSiETr2O6DEKQwGMnZwen7Y/s400/hose.jpg" /></a></span><br />
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Determine the maximum volumetric discharge from the hose at <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">C</em> so that cavitation will not occur within the hose.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih2nyhUi38oCEOA2JPD9zd1U-E8umKKwKPxYXJVhpGZdWrqiDjnPudd8VvNDuATvYiUM0EdkLMPi0b8ga7e2w0YwGgb_WhzprG7ZpSihoS-z6C5C3C7uMoNxP2pIXDj8ha7fotni1nMGNI/s1600/cavitation.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="552" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih2nyhUi38oCEOA2JPD9zd1U-E8umKKwKPxYXJVhpGZdWrqiDjnPudd8VvNDuATvYiUM0EdkLMPi0b8ga7e2w0YwGgb_WhzprG7ZpSihoS-z6C5C3C7uMoNxP2pIXDj8ha7fotni1nMGNI/s640/cavitation.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Thanks for visiting!</div>
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If there is any doubt, please comment below.</div>
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Sanjay Sharmahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728855310168117244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509373026451264153.post-173924672563270702017-11-21T17:29:00.001-08:002017-11-21T17:29:24.612-08:00Hydrostatic forces and tension in cable holding the Gate - SOLVED Example<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Aspira, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><b>Example:</b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Aspira, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The retaining wall in Figure 1 holds back a combination of water and mud. Considering it to have a dimension of 1 m in the perpendicular direction (i.e. out of the page) determine what the force in cable BE and the reaction forces at D will be.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Aspira, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Aspira, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbzAPcGe32QZzdBSNtsfVMASOLbF5dXOsNpegwS8xLjhYk4nAtsrZ5BYA7c74WI5HAKp45suvqtzvTa5crpEHGBCMzVLmuX4L9nXqc-rpo9wBsuqZRMJni3c0ai85YOWdWVSEAEpNrbwe7/s1600/Hydrostatic+force+on+hinged+gate+and+cable.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbzAPcGe32QZzdBSNtsfVMASOLbF5dXOsNpegwS8xLjhYk4nAtsrZ5BYA7c74WI5HAKp45suvqtzvTa5crpEHGBCMzVLmuX4L9nXqc-rpo9wBsuqZRMJni3c0ai85YOWdWVSEAEpNrbwe7/s640/Hydrostatic+force+on+hinged+gate+and+cable.jpg" width="510" /></a></span><br />
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Solution:<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKLFSWktAkZS6sXRPAKGSvcDWOhl18gBByPcf8w4pnFklFJT1KHizQyuCXh0s9b9jD8ua8V0FHk-V2AxYZplDwy5VMzNjH-Ph65tIHfJEXOnMJV-fQld_yJY4UrxVoUcHI8tYfNlI33DZA/s1600/gate.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKLFSWktAkZS6sXRPAKGSvcDWOhl18gBByPcf8w4pnFklFJT1KHizQyuCXh0s9b9jD8ua8V0FHk-V2AxYZplDwy5VMzNjH-Ph65tIHfJEXOnMJV-fQld_yJY4UrxVoUcHI8tYfNlI33DZA/s640/gate.jpg" width="530" /></a><br />
<br />
Thanks for visiting!<br />
If you have any doubt, please ask in the comment box.</div>
Sanjay Sharmahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728855310168117244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509373026451264153.post-50453031805331899962017-05-09T19:10:00.001-07:002017-05-09T19:15:39.216-07:00Venturimeter vs Orificemeter, loss of energy, cost and uncalibrated accuracy.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Hi,<br />
<a href="https://www.amazon.in/Textbook-Fluid-Mechanics-Hydraulic-Machines/dp/8131808157/ref=as_li_ss_il?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1494382439&sr=1-1&keywords=hydraulics&linkCode=li2&tag=httpreviewboo-21&linkId=b4b96b3c8d6ae2c2a3b9363086d8a594" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-in.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=8131808157&Format=_SL160_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=IN&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=httpreviewboo-21" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-in.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=httpreviewboo-21&l=li2&o=31&a=8131808157" style="border: none !important; margin: 0px !important;" width="1" />
<br />
<div>
So what are the differences between Venturimeter and Orificemeter, in terms of loss of energy, cost and their uncalibrated/ un-calibrated accuracies. Let's find out.<br />
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<table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif, Arial, Verdana, "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13px; width: 1000px;"><tbody>
<tr><td>Instrument </td><td>Loss of Energy</td><td>Initial Cost</td><td>Accuracy variation with calibration (uncalibrated accuracy)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Venturi</td><td>Venturi Meter minimizes the form friction and therefore less energy<br />
loss. About 90% is recovered.</td><td>Initial cost is higher.</td><td>They are more accurate than the orifice meter, because they are generally less affected by temperature and corrosion etc. Their discharge coefficient varies with Reynold's number and<br />
variations may be 0.5- 1.5%</td></tr>
<tr><td>Orifice</td><td>Due to the form friction, a large amount of energy is lost and<br />
unrecovered. Only 60-70% is recovered.</td><td>They are in-expensive, because it is just a thin plate with orifice.</td><td>There are many factors including the sharpness of edges, corrosion, temperature pressure etc. which affect the performance of orifice. If all combined the inaccuracy may range up to 10%. So they are less accurate when uncalibrated.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.amazon.in/Irrigation-Engineering-Hydraulic-Structures-Santosh/dp/8174090479/ref=as_li_ss_il?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1494382439&sr=1-2&keywords=hydraulics&linkCode=li2&tag=httpreviewboo-21&linkId=878619964440a40c66b3302b72e63336" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-in.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=8174090479&Format=_SL160_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=IN&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=httpreviewboo-21" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-in.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=httpreviewboo-21&l=li2&o=31&a=8174090479" style="border: none !important; margin: 0px !important;" width="1" />
</div>
<div>
Thanks for reading.</div>
</div>
Sanjay Sharmahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728855310168117244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509373026451264153.post-23765447719814330652017-01-13T18:52:00.000-08:002017-01-13T18:52:02.483-08:00Laminar flow between two parallel plates (Navier-Stokes Equation) <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Hi,<br />
<br />
When the fully laminar fluid flow is developed between two parallel plates along the x-direction, the Navier-Stokes equation is applied and can be written and solved for the fluid velocity u as shown in the images below.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoSgiFQNAWS4PwK5kuL2IKiW10vdlzjTEshSWsuJ1ZHE5ZDTdV-I52CR_I0eMHFGIhg6e22VaUK-0s__L1X0NHf0MukARvyqIwrLJ_beLEeC864s9NXr1BoT_E3hepXAM48eF5vyLQRCS0/s1600/Navier-Stokes+equation.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoSgiFQNAWS4PwK5kuL2IKiW10vdlzjTEshSWsuJ1ZHE5ZDTdV-I52CR_I0eMHFGIhg6e22VaUK-0s__L1X0NHf0MukARvyqIwrLJ_beLEeC864s9NXr1BoT_E3hepXAM48eF5vyLQRCS0/s320/Navier-Stokes+equation.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhidFbRmnuRRqR_iZii5-4Lx1JHQI2t9_i8c6lYIgZ7-ZuJNI4Jh_G2zBzXvRtEx3TyCVdJEsnMCoywC1dogdV1DcQ89UAWon5C6rE0w14jI7TWvBA3A9j66bpDlbkrIsIYQr42iRAehRmQ/s1600/Navier-Stokes+equation1.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhidFbRmnuRRqR_iZii5-4Lx1JHQI2t9_i8c6lYIgZ7-ZuJNI4Jh_G2zBzXvRtEx3TyCVdJEsnMCoywC1dogdV1DcQ89UAWon5C6rE0w14jI7TWvBA3A9j66bpDlbkrIsIYQr42iRAehRmQ/s320/Navier-Stokes+equation1.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMO_fIT1ttcaBrBh0Vbvt2cRrSpqZDE4O1U1c5eBNOJm0H-GbzldQs09C4lKoqJ5kXfVMxDE87EsO9gUpV1Y1ll-YctbRQKhcFRLlSVWW01OwCVurk7QJGMKeMhisiCroiAd0qbp83bBjA/s1600/Navier-Stokes+equation3.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMO_fIT1ttcaBrBh0Vbvt2cRrSpqZDE4O1U1c5eBNOJm0H-GbzldQs09C4lKoqJ5kXfVMxDE87EsO9gUpV1Y1ll-YctbRQKhcFRLlSVWW01OwCVurk7QJGMKeMhisiCroiAd0qbp83bBjA/s320/Navier-Stokes+equation3.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
<br />
thanks!</div>
Sanjay Sharmahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728855310168117244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509373026451264153.post-17594549776035236612016-10-08T00:14:00.000-07:002016-10-08T00:14:12.958-07:00Energy line and Hydraulic Grade Line<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Hi,<br />
<br />
<b>Energy Line</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
Energy line represents the the sum of the Pressure Head, velocity and elevation Head corresponding to an assumed datum.<br />
If there are no losses in a system, Energy head remains constant.<br />
<br />
<b>Hydraulic Grade Line</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
Hydraulic Grade line represents the Energy head subtracted by the velocity head. In other words it represents the sum of the pressure head and the elevation head along a system of fluid flow.<br />
<br />
Example: If an Venturimeter is attached to a pipe connected to a vessel at the bottom, the Hydraulic grade changes significantly. See the image below, calculations are also given.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAtx58qSv-ZYOMmwCZs1Y83MTht9Qm9TQzGdqcDYFypKQPXT6Pzt5V_jAZ7DJ1I0WOniRgPttZ3bNUqyMPILzrq5gvYzzxrLuxHlzAosyobuMXtOAmApzHHxkWyUz94Y6XTBTlcRCDmY7w/s1600/Venturi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="449" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAtx58qSv-ZYOMmwCZs1Y83MTht9Qm9TQzGdqcDYFypKQPXT6Pzt5V_jAZ7DJ1I0WOniRgPttZ3bNUqyMPILzrq5gvYzzxrLuxHlzAosyobuMXtOAmApzHHxkWyUz94Y6XTBTlcRCDmY7w/s640/Venturi.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br />Note: EL = Energy Line = h ; and HGL = hydraulic Grade Line becomes negative at the throat of the venturimeter.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br />
<br /></div>
Sanjay Sharmahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728855310168117244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509373026451264153.post-45199151508714465572014-07-28T08:09:00.003-07:002014-07-28T08:09:36.294-07:00Water Resources and System Engineering (CE- 6003)- B.Tech. 6th sem<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Hi,<br />
Please find herewith the Question Paper of Water Resources and System Engineering(CE-6003), set by HPU/HPTU (Himachal Pradesh University/ Himachal Pradesh Technical University) for the year 2014.<br />
<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>B.Tech. 6th Semester Examination</b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="text-align: left;"><b>Water Resources and System Engineering</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="text-align: left;"><b>CE-6003</b></span></div>
<div>
<b>Time: 3 Hours Max Marks: 100</b></div>
<div>
<i>The candidate shall limit their answers precisely within the answer-book(40 pages) issued to them and no supplementary continuation sheet will be issued.</i><br />
<i><br /></i></div>
<div>
<b>Note: </b>Attempt five questions selecting one question from each sections A,B,C and D. Question 9 is compulsory, All questions carry equal marks. Non- programmable calculator is allowed.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Section - A</b><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>1. (a) </b>Describe the functional requirements of various users in a multipurpose water-resources project. What is the compatibility of these users in the project?</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(b) </b>Discuss inter-basin transfer of water in the context of our country.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
(15+5 = 20)</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-align: center;"> OR</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>2. (a) </b>The annual runoff data over the catchment area of a reservoir for a successive number of years are given below:<br />
<b>Year: </b>1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8<br />
<b>Runoff (cm) </b>98 143.5 168.3 94 95.3 152.4 110 131.3<br />
Determine (i) the average yield from the catchment and (ii) storage capacity of the reservoir to use the source fully. Solve analytically. Given, Catchment area = 1675 km^2.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b> (b) </b>Draw a diagram showing the various zones of storage in a reservoir.<br />
(15+5 = 20)</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>Section - B</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>3. </b>The data pertaining to a flood protection project to provide full safety against floods up to 50 years frequency are as follows:<br />
Cost of project = Rs. 50 lacs.<br />
Life of the project = 50 years.<br />
Interest rate = 6.5%<br />
Maintenance cost = 2% of the capital cost.<br />
The following additional information is available<br />
<b>Flood frequency (years) </b>0 5 10 15 30 40 70<br />
<b>Annual damages Rs.(*10^4) </b>2 25 40 45 61 71 75<br />
Find (i) Annual cost (ii) Annual benefits and (iii) Benefit-cost ratio of the project.<br />
<b> (</b>20)</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-align: center;"> OR</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div>
<b>4. </b>A 1000 mm diameter pipeline can be installed for Rs. 2 lacs. The annual operating and maintenance cost is estimated at Rs. 40000/-. An alternative 750 mm diameter pipeline can be installed at Rs. 1.6 lacs. Its annual operating and maintenance cost is estimated at Rs. 60000/-. Either pipeline is expected to serve for 35 years, with 7% salvage when replaced. Compare the two pipelines assuming a 15% rate of interest. (20)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"> Section - C</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">5. (a) </span><span style="text-align: center;">Explain, (i) General structure of a linear programming problem</span><br />
<span style="text-align: center;"> (ii) Feasible space and (iii) Initial basic feasible solution.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="text-align: center;"> <b>(b) </b>Discuss risk and uncertainty in project evaluation. (15+5 = 20)</span></div>
<div>
<span style="text-align: center;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="text-align: center;"> OR</span></div>
<div>
<span style="text-align: center;"><b>6. </b>Solve the following linear programming problem graphically:</span><br />
<span style="text-align: center;">Maximize z= (3.x1 + 5.x2) subject to </span><br />
<span style="text-align: center;"> (x1 + 2.x2) <= 2000</span><br />
<span style="text-align: center;"> (x1 + x2) <= 1500</span><br />
<span style="text-align: center;"> x2<= 600 and x1, x2 >=0 </span><span style="text-align: center;"> (20)</span></div>
<div>
<span style="text-align: center;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="text-align: center;"> <b>Section - D</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="text-align: center;"><b>7. </b>Four water resources projects are to be allocated from limited funds in a small district. These projects produce net independent returns as shown below. using dynamic programming, determine the optimal allocation of 1 million rupees</span><br />
<span style="text-align: center;"><b>Investment Rs.(*10^6) NET RETURNS FROM A PROJECT Rs. (* 10^4)</b></span><br />
<span style="text-align: center;"><b> Project 1 Project 2 Project 3 Project 4 </b></span><br />
<span style="text-align: center;"><b> </b>2 4 2 6 6</span><br />
<span style="text-align: center;"> 4 0 3 12 1</span><br />
<span style="text-align: center;"> 6 6 4 12 6</span><br />
<span style="text-align: center;"> 8 9 5 12 15</span><br />
<span style="text-align: center;"> 10 10 6 12 12 </span><br />
<span style="text-align: center;"> (20)</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="text-align: center;"> OR</span></div>
<div>
<span style="text-align: center;"><b>8. (a) </b>Discuss the application of system engineering in water resources projects.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="text-align: center;"> <b>(b) </b>Explain the use of mathematical models in forecasting hydrological events. (10+10 = 20)</span></div>
<div>
<span style="text-align: center;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="text-align: center;"> <b>Section - E (Compulsory)</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="text-align: center;"><b>9. (i) </b>Discuss the role of water in the development of water resources. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="text-align: center;"> <b>(ii) </b>What is watershed management and what are its elements?</span></div>
<div>
<span style="text-align: center;"> <b>(iii) </b>Explain reservoir sedimentation.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="text-align: center;"> <b>(iv) </b>Enumerate the various steps involved in the planning of a water resources project.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="text-align: center;"> <b>(v) </b>Differentiate between micro and macro economics.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="text-align: center;"> <b>(vi) </b>Explain the term capital recovery factor.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="text-align: center;"> <b>(vii) </b>Discuss system engineering.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="text-align: center;"> <b>(viii) </b>What is dynamic programming? How it differs from linear programming?</span></div>
<div>
<span style="text-align: center;"> <b>(ix) </b>Describe principle of optimality.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="text-align: center;"> <b>(x) </b>What is simulation and what are its limitations? (10*2 = 20)</span><br />
<span style="text-align: center;"><br /></span>
<span style="text-align: center;">----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span><br />
<span style="text-align: center;"><br /></span>
<span style="text-align: center;">Thanks for your kind visit!</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Sanjay Sharmahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728855310168117244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509373026451264153.post-3988426927514687702014-06-15T10:10:00.002-07:002016-09-16T05:32:44.580-07:00Ten major Dam reservoirs of India- safety storage of India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;">Hi, </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"> This article mentions the names of the dams in the water resources map of India.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">These are the major dams which form the reservoirs that are the major water resources of India.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Bhakra Dam - in Himachal Pradesh</span></li>
</ol>
</h3>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">It forms the third largest </span><span style="font-size: large;">reservoir </span><span style="font-size: large;">named as Gobind Sagar, </span><span style="font-size: large;">with a storage capacity of 9.34 km^3. With an height of 226m, </span><span style="font-size: large;">Bhakra dam is the highest vertical concrete gravity dam in Asia. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG6EjujS9TmunvPWRzNNcYbe_fmYftlBIJzgQ58yh4f2lM1FolVknM9ZGW2Dk52xgb4WCjn7bo5L3z2j5w5ECKSRxeU3f-CJM8iEfh8aelveZiE2fhBblM8jfYoAV_z6381n-T3NuJAbxp/s1600/Gibind+sagar_lake_view_from_Naina_Devi_road_near_Santokh_Baba_Temple.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG6EjujS9TmunvPWRzNNcYbe_fmYftlBIJzgQ58yh4f2lM1FolVknM9ZGW2Dk52xgb4WCjn7bo5L3z2j5w5ECKSRxeU3f-CJM8iEfh8aelveZiE2fhBblM8jfYoAV_z6381n-T3NuJAbxp/s640/Gibind+sagar_lake_view_from_Naina_Devi_road_near_Santokh_Baba_Temple.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">clicked on the way to Naina Devi of Bilaspur. (source: wikipedia)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">It is constructed just on the border of Himachal and Punjab, on the Sutlej river in the Bilaspur district of Himachal Pradesh.</span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> 2. Tehri Dam in Uttarakhand</span></h3>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLya5xwhjB6Umxbfdlb4oscWxG-EB0UuA4_uSFWiPc5Z77N8d9SaJonPJMQCIeRMniMbqQdGGp3-tsUI8dktSsoR6aMfZlH3R7q5u9TRYGF7SPYpr4SmHJl2MuwlfjGM4HdNWEueksRoTP/s1600/IMG_1919.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="368" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLya5xwhjB6Umxbfdlb4oscWxG-EB0UuA4_uSFWiPc5Z77N8d9SaJonPJMQCIeRMniMbqQdGGp3-tsUI8dktSsoR6aMfZlH3R7q5u9TRYGF7SPYpr4SmHJl2MuwlfjGM4HdNWEueksRoTP/s640/IMG_1919.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tehri Reservoir on 1st March 2008.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDWCrz4M1ZNKv1J_7lfTnGDQAye7UZ__fb8jUInfAOA_hAGjBoBa8BaNgn-6uUpAVrGhTjt5i__tdE4kWshXEupMdJhuFQxTiA5L21uGh2SWb9e_FQPzrGJaqmZLbjZxNhlAXMNOhFdx50/s1600/IMG_1973.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="352" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDWCrz4M1ZNKv1J_7lfTnGDQAye7UZ__fb8jUInfAOA_hAGjBoBa8BaNgn-6uUpAVrGhTjt5i__tdE4kWshXEupMdJhuFQxTiA5L21uGh2SWb9e_FQPzrGJaqmZLbjZxNhlAXMNOhFdx50/s640/IMG_1973.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">civil engineering students from NIT Hamirpur, on an industrial visit to Tehri dam on 1st march 2008 .. with CP Sir.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span></div>
With a height of 261m i</span><span style="font-size: large;">ts the highest dam in India</span><span style="font-size: large;">. It's an rock and earth fill dam,</span><span style="font-size: large;"> constructed on the Bhagirathi river near Tehri in Uttarakhand</span><span style="font-size: large;">. Reservoir has a capacity of 4.0 Km^3.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">3. Sardar Sarovar (Gujrat)</span></h3>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">With an installed reservoir capacity of 9.5 Km^3, it is one of the largest reservoir.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzPAw4dZLuKoYFrjYISW167OagdsOvxqMc9CFD4VlwR1UIG0aIRgGz_OVeT7SQHnV2tj5x4euOmRZB1MVTTOEF_Ca6RI0ncgMrCo3C93HFjkgOvG5JwAJyKsLCBnsgZY5oibGjg83fp3Ml/s1600/Sardar_Sarovar_Dam_2006%252C_India.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzPAw4dZLuKoYFrjYISW167OagdsOvxqMc9CFD4VlwR1UIG0aIRgGz_OVeT7SQHnV2tj5x4euOmRZB1MVTTOEF_Ca6RI0ncgMrCo3C93HFjkgOvG5JwAJyKsLCBnsgZY5oibGjg83fp3Ml/s320/Sardar_Sarovar_Dam_2006%252C_India.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sardar Sarovar dam, undergoing height extension in 2006 (source wikipedia)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">Length of the dam is 1.21 Km, while the height is 128 m and growing. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">4. Rihand Dam (Uttar Pradesh)</span></h3>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">Witha a length of 934 m and a height of 91 m, this dam create one of the biggest reservoirs with total impounding capacity of 10.6 km^3.</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4fZ7XX_ByHHyT-KODSIV_gnZv9rRWTZbXVKY7kATRzFTZWKIjxj_r8dVnP6UnHqqZPVz4qptoc5UzoK48IZab6pNrhZNstreRuKWoMZoJgDeZchsSu_kyPP1XLbP5AV3UxBotpBIyGWOZ/s1600/Jawaharlal+Nehru+at+Rihand+Dam.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="452" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4fZ7XX_ByHHyT-KODSIV_gnZv9rRWTZbXVKY7kATRzFTZWKIjxj_r8dVnP6UnHqqZPVz4qptoc5UzoK48IZab6pNrhZNstreRuKWoMZoJgDeZchsSu_kyPP1XLbP5AV3UxBotpBIyGWOZ/s640/Jawaharlal+Nehru+at+Rihand+Dam.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Jawahar Lal Nehru at Rihand Dam (source; wiki)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">But due to the siltation problem, mostly the alkaline ash from the nearby many thermal power plants, it has only 8.9 km^3 as its active capacity. The dam is constructed on the Rihand river in the Sonbhadra district of Uttar Pradesh. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">5. Indira Sagar Dam (madhya Pradesh)</span></h3>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">Constructed on river Narmada, and with a capacity of 12.22 Km^3, it creates the largest reservoir in India.</span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">6. Hirakud Dam (Orissa)</span></h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">It is the longest dam in the world with a composite length of 25.8 km. Main dam is a concrete dam of 4.8 km while the dykes of 21 km makes the total length. It has the largest artificial lake in the India.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">It was constructed to control the wild floods on the river Mahanadi.</span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">7. Nagarjuna Sagar (Aandhra Pradesh)</span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">8. Mullaperiyar Dam( Kerala)</span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">9. Tunga-Bhadra Dam (Karnataka)</span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">10. Sholayar Dam (Tamilnadu)</span></h3>
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<div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">I have the dream of visiting the other dams too. How many of them have you visited? </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">Please leave a comment.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">thank you :)</span></div>
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</div>
Sanjay Sharmahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728855310168117244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509373026451264153.post-13702587808066999042014-01-26T08:38:00.001-08:002014-01-26T08:38:05.516-08:00GATE 2014, PSUs- irrigation Engineering - one liners - part 11<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Hello there,<br />
<br />
Here is the 11th part of our notes for the preparation of the GATE and PSUs exams.<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Fertility of a soil is adversely affected, when the pH value is more than 11.</li>
<li>Optimum depth of kor watering for rice crop is nearly 19 cm.</li>
<li>Average delta of rice crop is nearly 120 cm.</li>
<li>The duty of a crop is 432 hectares/cumec, when base period of the crop is 100 days. Delta for the crop will be 200.</li>
<li>Water consumed in irrigation, when compared with the total water used for all purposes in our country, is about 90%.</li>
<li>Water consumed for producing one tonne of wheat and one tonne of rice will be of order 2000 tonnes and 4000 tonnes.</li>
<li>Lime concrete lining is used when velocity of flow is below 2 m/sec, irrigation channel with capacity upto 200 cumec and where economy is required.</li>
<li>Thickness of concrete lining, for discharge upto 200 cumec varies from 10 to 15 cm.</li>
<li>Force considered for the analysis of an elementary profile of a gravity dam under empty reservoir condition is self weight.</li>
<li>Uplift pressure on a dam can be controlled by pressure grouting in foundation, constructing drainage channels between dam and its foundation and by constructing cut-off under upstream face.</li>
<li>In a gravity dam total force due to wave pressure acts at a height of 0.375.hw above the still water level.</li>
<li>Horizontal acceleration due to earthquake results in hydro-dynamic pressure and inertia force in the body of the dam.</li>
<li>Vertical acceleration due to earthquake results in increase in the effective weight of the dam and also decrease in the effective weight of the dam.</li>
<li>In the elementary profile of a dam having empty reservoir condition, vertical stress at heels and toe are respectively given by 2W/B and 0.</li>
<li>In gravity dam, main overturning force is water pressure.</li>
<li>For economical design of a gravity dam, shear friction factor should be 0.65.</li>
<li>In Ogee shaped spillway, discharge is proportional to H^(3/2).</li>
<li>Garrets diagrams are based on Kennedy's theory.</li>
<li>Discharge co-efficient of an Ogee-shaped spillway is 3.7.</li>
</ul>
<div>
Thanks for visit!</div>
</div>
Sanjay Sharmahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728855310168117244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509373026451264153.post-44663247192917877952014-01-25T04:20:00.010-08:002021-09-02T09:28:46.770-07:00Six Points of Comparison Betweenn Kennedy's Theory and Lacey's Theory<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="font-size: large;">
Hello,</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />Here is a point-wise comparison of Kennedy's theory and Lacey's theory for the design of channels for canals etc.<br />
<br /><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: x-large;">The concept of silt transportation is same in both the cases, both agree that the silt is carried by the vertical eddies generated due to friction of the flowing water against rough surface of canal. Kennedy considered a trapezoidal channel section and, therefore, he neglected eddies generated from the sides. For this reason, Kennedy's critical velocity formula was derived only in terms of depth of flow(y). Lacey considered that an irrigation channel achieves a cup-shaped section(semi-ellipse) and that entire wetted perimeter of the channel contributes to the generation of silt supporting eddies. He, thus, used hydraulic mean radius(R) as a variable in his regime velocity formulas instead of depth(y).</span></li><li><span style="font-size: x-large;">Kennedy stated all the channels to be in state of regime provided they did not silt or scour. But Lacey differentiated between two regime conditions, i.e. initial regime and final regime.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: x-large;">According to Lacey, grain size of material forming the channel is an important factor, and should need much more attention than what was given to it by Kennedy. He connected grain size(d) with his silt factor(f) as f= 1.76(dmm)^0.5.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: x-large;">Kennedy used Kutter's formula for determining actual generated channel velocity. The value of Kutter's rugosity coefficient(n) is again a guess work. Lacey, on the other hand, has produced a general regime flow, after analyzing huge data on regime channels.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: x-large;">Kennedy has not given any importance to bed width and depth ratio. Lacey has connected wetted perimeter(P) as well as area(A) of the channel with discharge, thus, establishing a fixed relationship between bed width and depth.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: x-large;">Kennedy did not fix regime slopes for his channels, although, his diagrams indicate that steeper slopes are required for smaller channels and flatter slopes are required for larger channels. Lacey, on the other hand, has fixed the regime slope, connecting it with discharge.</span></li></ol>
</span><ol style="text-align: left;">
</ol>
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.amazon.in/Textbook-Fluid-Mechanics-Hydraulic-Machines/dp/8131808157/ref=as_li_ss_il?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1494382439&sr=1-1&keywords=hydraulics&linkCode=li2&tag=httpreviewboo-21&linkId=b4b96b3c8d6ae2c2a3b9363086d8a594" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-in.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=8131808157&Format=_SL160_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=IN&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=httpreviewboo-21" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://ir-in.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=httpreviewboo-21&l=li2&o=31&a=8131808157" style="border: none; margin: 0px;" width="1" />
<br />
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Thanks!</span></div>
</div>
Sanjay Sharmahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728855310168117244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509373026451264153.post-21721221897612743282014-01-20T06:49:00.000-08:002014-01-20T06:49:17.453-08:00Types of Open channel flows<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Hello there,<br />
<br />
Open channel flow can be classified in the following broad categories and then the subsequent sub-categories:<br />
<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Steady flow</li>
<li>Un-steady Flow</li>
</ol>
<div>
Further each is classified as:</div>
<div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Uniform flow</li>
<li>Non-uniform flow</li>
</ol>
Non-uniform flow or varied flow is further classified as:</div>
<div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Gradually varied flow</li>
<li>Rapidly varied flow</li>
</ol>
<div>
Now let's discuss them briefly here,</div>
</div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>Steady and un-steady flows </b>When depth of flow and velocity does not vary with time, flow is called steady flow and if depth and velocity vary with time then this is un-steady flow.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>Uniform and Non-uniform Flow </b>When the depth,slope,cross-section and velocity remain same/constant over given length of channel, flow is called uniform flow and if they vary then this is called non-uniform flow.</li>
<li><b>Rapidly varied flow(RVF) </b>is the flow when the flow conditions changes significantly in a relatively short distance of the channel.</li>
<li><b>Gradually varied flow(GVF) </b>is the flow when the flow conditions changes gradually over a long distance of the channel. e.g. flow behind a dam at a channel transition.</li>
</ul>
<div>
Thanks for visit!</div>
</div>
</div>
Sanjay Sharmahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728855310168117244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509373026451264153.post-76549436413414659622014-01-14T06:08:00.001-08:002021-09-02T09:09:19.468-07:00Gradually Varied Flow(GVF)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Assumptions used while analyzing Gradually Varied flow(GVF)</span></h3><span style="font-size: large;">
A steady, non-uniform flow in which the depth of flow varies gradually along the length of the channel is called a gradually varied flow.<br />
To analyze Gradually varied flow, the following assumptions are made:<br />
<br /><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: x-large;">Channel is a prismatic channel section and alignment remains the same.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: x-large;">Bed slope is small, i.e. So=Sf.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: x-large;">Energy loss is the same for a uniform flow at a section having the same velocity and hydraulic radius.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: x-large;">Energy correction factor a=1.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: x-large;">The roughness coefficient is independent of the depth of flow and constant throughout the channel.</span></li></ol>
</span><ol style="text-align: left;">
</ol>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: large;">
Thanks for your visit!</span></div>
</div>
Sanjay Sharmahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728855310168117244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509373026451264153.post-75364264612120031572014-01-12T21:52:00.000-08:002014-01-12T21:52:10.898-08:00GATE questions from Hydrology - GATE PSUs preparation -part 10<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<i>Hi,</i><br />
<i>Here are few statements from Hydrology which has made their place in GATE Civil Engineering(CE). The bold letter represents the answer which are absent in actual question.</i><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<br /><ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-weight: normal;">A linear reservoir is one in which storage varies linearly with </span>outflow rate<span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: normal;">When there is an increase in the atmospheric pressure, the water level in a well penetrating in a confined aquifer </span>does not undergo any change.</li>
<li><span style="font-weight: normal;">During a 6-hour storm, rainfall intensity was 0.8 cm/hour on a catchment of area 8.6 km^2. The measured runoff volume during this period was 2,56,000 m^3. The total rainfall that was lost due to infiltration, evaporation, and transpiration (in cm/hour) is </span>0.304<span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: normal;">Vertical hydraulic conductivity of the top soil at certain is 0.2 cm/hr. A storm of intensity 0.5 cm/hr occurs over the soil for an indefinite period. Assuming surface drainage to be adequate, infiltration rate after the storm has lasted for a very long time, shall be </span>0.2 cm/hr<span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: normal;">While applying Rational formula for computing design discharge, the rainfall duration is stipulated as the time of concentration </span>because this leads to the largest possible rainfall intensity.</li>
<li><span style="font-weight: normal;">The plan area of a reservoir is 1 km^2. Water level in the reservoir is observed to decline by 20 cm in a certain period. During this period, the reservoir receives a surface inflow of 10 hectares-meters, and 20 hectares-meters are abstracted from the reservoir for irrigation and power. The pan evaporation and rainfall recorded during the same period at a near by meteorological station are 12 cm and 3 cm respectively. The calibrated pan factor is 0.7. The seepage loss from the reservoir during this period in hectare-meters is </span>4.6<span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></li>
</ol>
<div>
<span style="font-weight: normal;">to be contd...</span></div>
</h3>
<br />
</div>
Sanjay Sharmahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728855310168117244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509373026451264153.post-21876639956950580332014-01-10T03:51:00.002-08:002014-01-10T03:51:34.031-08:00GATE, PSUs - Hydraulics, Irrigation, water resource Engg. notes - part 9<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Hello there,<br />
How have you been? Here is the 9th part of our notes for preparation of GATE and other examinations related to Civil Engineering.<br />
<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>The displacement thickness of a boundary layer is the distance by which the main flow is to be shifted from the boundary to maintain the continuity equation.</li>
<li>The range of specific speeds in MKS units for Francis turbine is 60-300, for Kaplan turbine is 300 - 1000; for Pelton with one jet is 10-35 and for Pelton with two jets is 35-60.</li>
<li>If the height of submerged portion of a symmetrical right circular cone is 'h', then the centre of buoyancy will be at a height of 3/4(h) from the apex on the bottom side.</li>
<li>Loss of head for various pipe fitting is given by (K.v^2)/(2g). The value of K in will be in increasing order for the following sequence of fitting: 45 degree elbow, 90 deg. elbow, foot valve of pump and close return bend.</li>
<li>In a pipe network at a point, if a pipe diverges into two other pipes of smaller diameters and if those two again converge into one at another point, then the potential drop between these two points will be same for both of the pipes.</li>
</ol>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
Sanjay Sharmahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728855310168117244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509373026451264153.post-70486225494602364772014-01-07T03:32:00.004-08:002021-09-03T07:45:22.326-07:00One Liners | GATE, PSUs 2022 | Hydraulics, Irrigation, Water Resource Engineering | part 8<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br />
Hello there,<br />
How have you been!</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="font-size: large;"> Here is the 8th part of our notes for preparation of GATE and other examinations related to Civil Engineering.<br />
<br />
</span><ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Vorticity and stream function exist both in rotational and irrotational flow.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">The flow of water in a wash hand basin when it is being emptied through a central opening is an example of a free vortex.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Mach number has its application in the launching of rockets.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Thoma number has its application in the cavitation phenomenon.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Reynolds number has its application in motion of submarine.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Weber number has its application in capillary flow in soil.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">An error of 0.5% in the measurement of the head in a V-notch causes an error of 1.25% in the discharge. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Smaller eddy sizes and large intensities of turbulence would entail a greater energy dissipation in a turbulent flow.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Shear velocity is a fictitious quantity.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">A model of a weir made to a horizontal scale of 1/40 and vertical scale of 1/9 discharges 1 liter/sec. Then the discharge in the prototype is estimated as 1080 liter/s.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Laminar flow occurs between extensive stationary plates. The energy correction factor is nearly 2.0</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">In the steady laminar flow of a liquid through a circular pipe of internal diameter D, carrying a constant discharge, the hydraulic gradient is inversely proportional to D^4.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">For laminar flow between parallel plates separated by a distance of 2h, head loss varies inversely as h^3.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">A turbine works at 20 m head and 500 rpm speed. Its 1:2 scale model to be tested at a head of 20 m should have a rotational speed of nearly 1000 rpm.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">In a reciprocating pump, the air vessel reduces the acceleration head and consequently reduces the effect of friction head also.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">The correct sequence, in the direction of flow of water for installations, in a hydro-power plant is the reservoir, pen-stock, surge tank, and turbine.</span></li>
</ul><span style="font-size: large;">
All information is learned through books and practical exercises.<br />
</span><div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">References (Also the best books for GATE and PSU preparations):</span></div><div><ol><li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"> <a href="https://amzn.to/3n0QMWk" target="_blank">Civil Engineering Objectives by S P Gupta</a></span></li><li><a href="https://amzn.to/2WMpDvQ" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">GKP GATE 2022 Guide by GK Publishers</span></a></li><li><a href="https://amzn.to/3gZbySG" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">Previous 31 Years of Solved GATE Papers by Made Easy</span></a></li></ol></div></div>
</div>
</div>
Sanjay Sharmahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728855310168117244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509373026451264153.post-44133857106879770542014-01-05T01:26:00.005-08:002021-09-03T07:49:19.928-07:00One Liners | GATE, PSUs 2022 | Hydraulics, Irrigation, Water Resource Engineering | part 7<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="font-size: large;">
Hello there,<br />
How have you been!?</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="font-size: large;"> Here is the 7th part of our notes for preparation of GATE and other examinations related to Civil Engineering.<br />
<br />
</span><ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-size: large;">As compared to gravity dams, earthen dams require less skilled labor.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">The most suitable material for the central impervious core of a zoned embankment type dam is clay mixed with fine sand.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Seepage through embankments in the earthen dam is controlled by drain trenches.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Seepage through the foundation in an earthen dam is controlled by providing impervious cut-off.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">The flow of water after spilling over the weir crest in the chute spillway and side-channel spillway respectively are at a right angle and parallel to the weir crest.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">The discharge passing over an Ogee spillway is given by CLH^(3/2) where L is the effective length of spillway crest and H is the total head over the spillway crest including velocity head.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">The coefficient of discharge of an Ogee spillway depends on the depth of approach and upstream slop and also on downstream apron interference and downstream submergence.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Ogee spillway is least suitable for earthen dams as compared to chute spillway, side-channel spillway, and shaft spillway.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">In the case of the non-availability of space due to topography, the most suitable spillway is the shaft spillway.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">In the case of chute spillway, the flow is usually super-critical.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">For the upstream face of an earthen dam, the most adverse condition for stability of slope is sudden draw-down.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">If there are two canals taking off from each flank of a river, then there will be two divided walls and two under-sluices.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Generally, the weir is aligned at right angles to the direction of the main river current because, it ensures less length of the weir, gives better discharging capacity, and is economical.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-size: large;">The main function of the divider wall is to separate the under-sluices from the weir proper.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">A divider wall is provided at the right angle to the axis of the weir.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">As compared to the crest of the normal portion of the weir, the crest of the under-sluice portion of the weir is kept at a lower level.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Silt excluders are constructed on the river bed upstream of the head regulator.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">If 'h' is the ordinate of hydraulic gradient line above the top of the floor and G is the specific gravity of floor material, then the thickness of the floor is given by the formula h/(G-1).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">According to Khosla's theory, the exit gradient in the absence of a downstream cutoff is infinity.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">The minimum size of stone that will remain at rest in a channel of longitudinal slope S and hydraulic mean radius R is given by 11 RS.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">The ratio of average values of shear stress produced on the bed and the banks of a channel due to flowing water is greater than 1.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">If the critical shear stress of a channel is Tc, the average value of shear stress required to move the grain on the bank is 0.75Tc.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">A watershed canal avoids the cross drainage works.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">A canal that is aligned at right angles to the contours is called a side slope canal.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Garret's diagrams are based on Kennedy's theory.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br />
All information is learned through books and practical exercises.</span><br />
<div>
<div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">References (Also the best books for GATE and PSU preparations):</span></div><div><ol><li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"> <a href="https://amzn.to/3n0QMWk" target="_blank">Civil Engineering Objectives by S P Gupta</a></span></li><li><a href="https://amzn.to/2WMpDvQ" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">GKP GATE 2022 Guide by GK Publishers</span></a></li><li><a href="https://amzn.to/3gZbySG" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">Previous 31 Years of Solved GATE Papers by Made Easy</span></a></li></ol></div></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div><span style="font-size: large;">
Thanks for your visit!</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Sanjay Sharmahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728855310168117244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509373026451264153.post-91238481025994872422014-01-04T02:51:00.000-08:002014-01-04T02:51:06.740-08:00GATE, PSUs - Hydraulics, Irrigation, water resource Engg. notes - part 6<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Hello there,<br />
How have you been? Here is the 6th part of our notes for preparation of GATE and other examinations related to Civil Engineering.<br />
<div>
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The Hardy Cross method of hydraulic analysis of pipe networks, besides satisfying the continuity and energy principles, must also satisfy the condition that the algebraic sum of the head losses around any closed loop is zero.</li>
<li>Given that, S = Slope of channel bottom, Se = Slope of the energy line, F= Froude number, the equation of gradually varied flow is expressed as dy/dx = (S-Se)/(1-F^2).</li>
<li> A fluid motion in which stream lines are concentric circles is known as a vortex flow.</li>
<li>A fluid motion is free vortex flow when the fluid particles moving in concentric circles may not rotate about their mass centre.</li>
<li>In a Sutro weir, the rate of flow for all flows above the rectangular base of width W and depth 'a' is proportional to the head above a datum a/3 above the crest.</li>
<li>In a steady laminar flow through a circular pipe, shear stress is zero at the centre, velocity is maximum at the centre and hydraulic gradient varies directly with the velocity.</li>
<li>Boundary layer thickness is the distance from the boundary where velocity is 99% of uniform velocity.</li>
<li>Displacement thickness is the distance from the boundary by which the main flow can be assumed to be shifted.</li>
<li>Turbulent boundary layer is the distance from the boundary where from the flow ceases to be laminar.</li>
<li>Laminar boundary layer is the region near the boundary where viscous stress is also present.</li>
<li>An irrigation canal has a steady discharge Q at a section where a cross - regulation(gated) is provided for control purposes. If the gate of the regulator, which is normally fully open, is suddenly lowered down to a half open position, then a rapidly varied unsteady flow results. In such a case, it would take the form of a +ve surge moving u/s and a -ve surge moving d/s. [ES 93].</li>
<li>The specific energy 'E' in a critical flow at depth Yc occurring in a triangular channel is given by 1.25*Yc. [ES 94].</li>
<li>When no external energy is imposed, Energy line always falls in the direction of flow and Hydraulic gradient line never rises in the direction of flow.</li>
<li>Stream lines - Tracing of motion of different fluid particles</li>
<li>Streak lines - Identification of location number of fluid particle.</li>
<li>Path lines - Tracing of motion of any one fluid particle.</li>
<li>Equipotential Lines - Location of equal piezometric heads.</li>
<li>As the depth of the immersion of a vertical plane surface increases, the location of pressure comes closer to the centre of gravity of the area.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
All information is learned through books and practical exercises.<br />
<div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Reference:</div>
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Sanjay Sharmahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728855310168117244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509373026451264153.post-39323208931866903422014-01-03T00:21:00.000-08:002014-01-03T19:50:50.761-08:00GATE, PSUs - Hydraulics, Irrigation, water resource Engg. notes - part 5<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Hello there,<br />
How have you been? Here is the 5th part of our notes for preparation of GATE and other examinations related to Civil Engineering.<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>A normal shock wave occurs when the approaching flow is supersonic.</li>
<li>While sub-sonic flow through a converging duct, velocity increases and density decreases.</li>
<li>While sub-sonic flow through a diverging duct, velocity decreases and pressure density, temperature increases.</li>
<li>While a supersonic flow through a converging duct, density increases and velocity increases.</li>
<li>While a supersonic flow through a diverging duct, velocity increases and pressure decreases.</li>
<li>A fluid is a substance which can not remain at rest when subjected to shear.</li>
<li>The viscosity of a fluid varies with temperature.</li>
<li>The locus of elevations that water will rise in a series of pitot tubes is called the energy grade line.</li>
<li>For a developed turbulent flow in a horizontal pipe, the pressure gradient varies linearly with distance.</li>
<li>A streamlined body is a body about which the flow separation is suppressed. [GATE 87].</li>
<li>If the velocity distribution is rectangular then the kinetic energy correction factor will be equal to unity. [GATE 90].</li>
<li>At room temperature, the dynamic and kinematic viscosity of water are respectively greater than and less than of air. [ES 93].</li>
<li>While choosing repeating variables in dimensional analysis, repeating variables should contain all primary units used in describing the variables in the problems and should not contain the dependent variables.</li>
</ul>
<br />
All information is learned through books and practical exercises.<br />
<div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Reference:</div>
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Sanjay Sharmahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728855310168117244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509373026451264153.post-77850406633603723832014-01-01T04:48:00.000-08:002014-01-01T04:48:00.559-08:00GATE, PSUs - Hydraulics, Irrigation, water resource Engg. notes - part 4<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Hello there,<br />
How have you been? Here is the 4th part of our notes for preparation of GATE and other examinations related to Civil Engineering.<br />
<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Apart from inertia force, Viscous force is most important force for the motion of submarines under water.</li>
<li>In case of capillary waves in channels viscous force is unimportant.</li>
<li>In case of a flow through a long capillary tube, inertia force would be unimportant.</li>
<li>For the resistance to motion of a ship's model through water, the basic similitude criteria is Reynold's Law and Froude's Law</li>
<li>The causes of cavitation are high suction lift and high pump speed.</li>
<li>An impulse turbine operates by initial complete conversion to kinetic energy.</li>
<li>Water turbines may be put in the decreasing order of specific speeds as Propeller turbine, Reaction turbine, Impulse turbine.</li>
<li>Two geometrically similar units are homologous if they have similar streamlines.</li>
<li>Impulse turbine is ideal for high head development.</li>
<li>A reciprocating pump does not need priming.</li>
<li>A centrifugal pump can run at high speed.</li>
<li>Pumps in increasing order of specif speed : Centrifugal pumps, mixed flow pump, axial flow pumps.</li>
<li>The specific speed of a turbine is defined as the speed of a unit of such a size that it produces unit power for unit head.An isentropic process is always frictionless and adiabatic.</li>
<li>Momentum and continuity equations are used to produce Rayleigh lines.</li>
<li>For isentropic flow of air: <i>Critical pressure ratio = 0.528; Critical Temperature Ratio = 0.833; Critical Density Ratio = 0.634</i></li>
</ul>
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Thanks for visiting!</div>
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Sanjay Sharmahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728855310168117244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509373026451264153.post-561590670938023902013-12-30T05:28:00.005-08:002021-09-03T07:41:24.530-07:00GATE, PSUs - Hydraulics, Irrigation, water resource Engg. notes - part 3<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">
Hello there,<br />
How have you been!</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"> Are you preparing yourself for some Engineering exams such as GATE or for PSUs?<br />
</span><ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">A multipurpose reservoir is one that is planned and constructed to serve various multi-purposes.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">The useful storage is the volume of water stored in the reservoir between minimum pool level and normal pool level.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">The water stored in the reservoir below the the minimum pool level is called dead storage.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">For a flood control reservoir, the effective storage is equal to<i> Useful Storage+ Surcharge Storage - Valley Storage.</i></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Trap efficiency of a reservoir is a function of <i>capacity/inflow ratio.</i></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">The force considered for the analysis of the elementary profile of gravity dam under empty reservoir conditions is the dam's <i>self-weight.</i></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">The uplift pressure on a dam can be controlled by :</span></li>
</ul><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">constructing cutoff under upstream face</span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">constructing drainage channels between the dam and its foundations</span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">by pressure grouting in the foundation</span></li></ol><ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">The uplift pressure on the face of a drainage gallery in a dam is taken as two-third of hydro-static pressure at toe plus one-third of hydro-static pressure at the heel.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Horizontal acceleration due to earth-quake results in hydro-dynamic pressure and inertia force into the body of the dam.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Hydro-dynamic pressure due to earthquake acts at a height of 4H/3.pi. above the base.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">The major resisting force in a gravity dam is self-weight.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Total force due to wave action on a gravity dam acts at a height of 3/8*hw above the reservoir surface, where hw = water depth.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">When the reservoir is full, maximum compressive force in a gravity dam is produced at the toe.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">The maximum permissible eccentricity for no tension at the base of a gravity dam is B/6.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">The presence of tailwater in a gravity dam decreases the principal stress and shear stress.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">The elementary profile of a dam is a right-angled triangle.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">In the empty condition of the reservoir and with the elementary profile of a dam, the vertical stress at heel and toe respectively are given by 2W/B and 0.</span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">References (Also the best books for GATE and PSU preparations):</span></div><div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"> <a href="https://amzn.to/3n0QMWk" target="_blank">Civil Engineering Objectives by S P Gupta</a></span></li><li><a href="https://amzn.to/2WMpDvQ" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">GKP GATE 2022 Guide by GK Publishers</span></a></li><li><a href="https://amzn.to/3gZbySG" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">Previous 31 Years of Solved GATE Papers by Made Easy</span></a></li></ol></div>
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Sanjay Sharmahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728855310168117244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509373026451264153.post-69631267599126870742013-12-29T23:27:00.001-08:002013-12-29T23:27:09.490-08:00GATE, PSUs - Hydraulics notes - part 2<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Hello there,<br />
<br />
How you have been? Here is a collection of notes for preparation of the GATE and PSU exams.<br />
<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Super critical flow can occur in a channel with mild slope, channel with a steep slope and also in a horizontal channel.</li>
<li>Analysis of a surge in a open channel is carried out by continuity equation or momentum equation.</li>
<li>Mild slope profile M2 occurs fir depth above critical but below normal.</li>
<li>For a steep slope profile S1, the type of flow will be sub-critical.</li>
<li>A Froude number 1.0 to 1.7 represents an undulant jump, 1.7 to 2.5 a weak jump, 2.5 to 4.5 an oscillatory jump and 4.5 to 9.0 a steady jump.</li>
<li>The height of hydraulic jump is equal to difference in conjugate depths.</li>
<li>If Y1 and Y2 are the conjugate depths before and after the hydraulic jump, then (Y2-Y1)^3/(4.Y1.Y2) gives us the loss of energy in the hydraulic jump.</li>
<li>The value of Froude's number can be less than 1, equal to one or greater than one.</li>
<li>Froude's number is the ratio of inertial force to gravity force.</li>
<li>Reynold's number is the ratio of inertial force to viscous force.</li>
<li>Weber number is the ratio of inertial force to Surface Tension force.</li>
<li>Mach number is the ratio of inertial force to compressive force.</li>
</ul>
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<br /></div>
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Thank you for joining in!</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<i>Any kind suggestions are welcome for the improvement of the article.</i></div>
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Sanjay Sharmahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728855310168117244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509373026451264153.post-16541023165144847792013-12-28T07:55:00.000-08:002013-12-28T07:55:01.246-08:00GATE PSUs preparation - Hydraulics - one liners..<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Hello there,<br />
How you doing? Here are one liners which might be helpful for your preparations for the GATE and PSUs exams:<br />
<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>For uniform flow in channel, the total energy line, hydraulic gradient line and bottom of channel are all parallel.</li>
<li>The chezy's co-efficient has the dimensions of L^(1/2) T^(-1).</li>
<li>The depth of flow for maximum velocity in a circular channel section is 0.81 times the diameter.</li>
<li>For maximum discharge in a circular channel section, the ratio of depth of flow to the diameter of channel is 0.938(0.95 approx.)</li>
<li>A triangular channel is most economical when each of its sloping side is inclined to the vertical at 45 degree of angle.</li>
<li>For a trapezoidal section to be most economical its hydraulic radius must be equal to Yc/2.</li>
<li>The critical state of flow through a channel section may be defined as the state of flow at which the discharge is maximum for a given specific force.</li>
<li>For a given specific energy E, the critical depth for a rectangular channel is given by Yc = 2/3E.</li>
<li>For the same specific force, the two depths at which a given discharge can occur are called conjugate depths.</li>
<li>The most common instrument/device for measuring discharges through channels is Venturi-flume.</li>
<li>When the slope of bottom of a channel raises in the direction of flow, it is called adverse slope.</li>
</ul>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Thanks for visiting!</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Note: Please suggest any improvements.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
reference: Civil Engineering Objectives by S P Gupta and S P Gupta</div>
</div>
Sanjay Sharmahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728855310168117244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509373026451264153.post-1140053190124209232013-12-24T23:11:00.000-08:002013-12-24T23:11:34.925-08:00Hydraulics - One Liners<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Hello,<br />
Here are few one liners from Hydraulics:<br />
<br />
1. Open channel flow is in transitional stage when the Reynolds Number is from 500 to 2000.<br />
<br />
2. In Pipe flow the flow is turbulent when the Reynolds Number is greater than 4000.<br />
<br />
3. A semi- Circular open channel is the best hydraulic section among a circular, rectangular or square channel.<br />
<br />
4. When the time of closure for a pressure moving with velocity v for a length of L is less than 2L/v, it is known as rapid closure.<br />
<br />
4. A shooting flow is a steady and non-uniform flow.<br />
<br />
5. Vena-contracta is the section having smallest cross section of the free flow from an orifice.<br />
<br />
6. Co-efficient of discharge Cd= (Co-efficient of velocity)^2 * Co-efficient of contraction.<br />
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7. An equivalent pipe is a pipe which has same head loss and discharge as that of the original pipe.<br />
<br />
8. If the hydraulic line at a junction is higher than the hydraulic lines at the Reservoir A and B and is lower than that at the reservoir C then, the water will flow from reservoir C to A and B.<br />
<br />
9. The difference between two adjacent stream line functions at a section gives us the discharge per unit length.<br />
<br />
10. Partial derivative of a stream line function w.r.t. the x and y will give us the velocities in the x and y direction at that point.<br />
<br />
Thank you!</div>
Sanjay Sharmahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728855310168117244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509373026451264153.post-40408469847329464292013-12-17T23:09:00.001-08:002013-12-17T23:09:07.915-08:00Pilot Tube, Venturimeter and Orificemeter<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>Hello,</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Pilot Tube: </b>Pilot tube is composed of a circular sectioned tube which has a L-shaped longitudinal profile. The two ends of this L-shaped tube are open.<br />
<br />
Pilot tube is used to determine the velocity of flow of a fluid. The method is to put one end of the tube parallel to the flow of the fluid and when the stagnation point is reached, we measure the stagnation pressure.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyNRrgBJIdcKoKMPdKhSHs6qoL2rsdT4IIUafGawwEXJXISuGKPzqckS1LZ5lYau0AnnMT9Wvk4PHj3cMpt-RVFwVRIpYbO7pCswlQIAtl6Z6MHiuzDvbTks7WISb1IfiuDue6mjW8QrWh/s1600/Pilot+Tube.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="331" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyNRrgBJIdcKoKMPdKhSHs6qoL2rsdT4IIUafGawwEXJXISuGKPzqckS1LZ5lYau0AnnMT9Wvk4PHj3cMpt-RVFwVRIpYbO7pCswlQIAtl6Z6MHiuzDvbTks7WISb1IfiuDue6mjW8QrWh/s640/Pilot+Tube.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pilot Tube image source: wikipedia</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Theory behind the pilot tube is<br />
<br />
<b><i>stagnation pressure = static pressure + dynamic pressure</i></b><br />
<b><i><br /></i></b>
<b>Venturimeter: </b>This instrument is used to determine the discharge(Q) of the flow of the fluid.<br />
<br />
<b>Orificementer: </b>This instrument is also used to determine the discharge(Q) of the flow of the fluid.<br />
<br />
<br />
Thanks!</div>
Sanjay Sharmahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728855310168117244noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509373026451264153.post-82545110009646611082013-12-16T03:08:00.000-08:002016-09-15T23:23:04.240-07:00Boundary Layer Theory of Fluid Flow <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;">Hii,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">In fluid dynamics we have to study this theory given by Ludwig Prandtl, known as Boundary Layer Theory.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b>
</span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Boundary Layer Theory:</b></span></h3>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">When a fluid flowing with laminar flow through an infinite thickness with an uniform velocity of U, passes through a boundary which can be the surface of a tube or any bed or wall, the velocity of the the fluid particles near to the boundary is obstructed by the frictional force of the surface and the adhesion of the particle to the surface.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Now these obstructed particles having almost zero velocity are attracting the nearby particles due to the cohesive force known as the viscosity. So the velocity of the particles of the next layers is also retarded.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">This way the velocity of the flow changes from the U at the boundary to zero and it increases gradually as we go to the next layer away from the boundary layer.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">This increase is almost parabolic in nature and after a certain distance from the boundary layer the flow again gains its uniform velocity U.</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVUTQmJ555LzpjYwC-lIa-j2pbZ4L6XVQK4pJUAGzdC7HKmTEGC3YQcg9010IwG3L5O4ypjFZons9tKDs9KXInpQcobIHlV_zxKDtXxnjv14EI_uSHJu2LAdtJQo5uEAOumF4gRgUFotSI/s1600/Boundarylayer.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="165" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVUTQmJ555LzpjYwC-lIa-j2pbZ4L6XVQK4pJUAGzdC7HKmTEGC3YQcg9010IwG3L5O4ypjFZons9tKDs9KXInpQcobIHlV_zxKDtXxnjv14EI_uSHJu2LAdtJQo5uEAOumF4gRgUFotSI/s400/Boundarylayer.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Boundary Layers - Laminar and Turbulent Boundary Layers (Source: Wikipedia.org)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">This distance at a section depends upon the distance of the section from the starting point of the boundary flow. At the starting point of the boundary flow, the velocity of all the layers is U, but as we go to the further sections, the velocity will decrease near to the boundary layer and gradually increases to its initial value of U at a thickness of 'd'. This 'd' goes on increase with the increase in the distance of the section from the starting point of the boundary section.</span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br />Remember:</span></h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-size: large;">If the velocity is increased the value of 'd' decreases.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">If viscosity is increased the value of 'd' increases.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">If upstream pressure is increased, the value of 'd' increases</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">When Reynold's number R< 2 00 the flow in the boundary layer is laminar and the boundary layer is parabolic and if R > 4 * 10^5 then the boundary layer is turbulent.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Thank You!!</span><br />
<br /></div>
Sanjay Sharmahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13728855310168117244noreply@blogger.com0